Sparkling water has surged in popularity, marketed as a healthy, calorie-free alternative to sugary sodas. But recent studies have revealed a troubling contaminant in many of these beverages: PFAS chemicals. These “forever chemicals” are persistent, man-made substances linked to a range of health concerns, and their presence in sparkling water has sparked consumer alarm and scientific scrutiny156.
What Are PFAS Chemicals?
PFAS stands for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, a large group of synthetic chemicals developed in the 1940s. They are prized for their water, grease, and stain-resistant properties, making them common in nonstick cookware, waterproof fabrics, food packaging, and firefighting foams1457.
PFAS are called “forever chemicals” because they do not break down easily in the environment or the human body. Once released, they persist for decades, accumulating over time in water, soil, wildlife, and people145.
Why Are PFAS in Sparkling Water?
Ubiquity in the Environment
PFAS chemicals are now widespread in the environment due to decades of industrial use and improper disposal. They can contaminate groundwater, rivers, and lakes—the very sources from which many bottled and canned waters are drawn457.
The Carbonation Process
Research suggests that sparkling water is more likely to contain PFAS than still water. The carbonation process, which involves adding pressurized carbon dioxide (CO2) to water, may facilitate the release or concentration of PFAS from source water or even from the bottling equipment itself567. Some experts suspect that the interaction between CO2 and water can alter the chemistry, making PFAS more likely to end up in the final product56.
Water Treatment Limitations
Not all water treatment methods are effective at removing PFAS. While advanced techniques like reverse osmosis and activated carbon filtration can reduce PFAS levels, many bottling facilities use less rigorous filtration or simply carbonate the water without additional purification, allowing PFAS to remain57.
How Do PFAS Get Into Sparkling Water?
| Source of Contamination | Description |
|---|---|
| Contaminated Source Water | PFAS in rivers, lakes, and groundwater used for bottling |
| Inadequate Water Treatment | Insufficient filtration allows PFAS to pass into bottled product |
| Carbonation Process | CO2 addition may increase PFAS concentration or facilitate transfer from equipment |
| Packaging Materials | Some cans or bottles may leach PFAS, especially if lined with PFAS-based coatings |
Brands and PFAS Levels: What the Studies Show
A pivotal 2020 Consumer Reports investigation tested 47 bottled waters, including 12 sparkling varieties, for PFAS contamination1567. The findings were eye-opening:
Topo Chico Natural Mineral Water: 9.76 parts per trillion (ppt)
Polar Natural Seltzer Water: 6.41 ppt
Bubly Blackberry Sparkling Water: 2.24 ppt
Poland Spring Zesty Lime Sparkling Water: >1 ppt
Canada Dry Lemon Lime Sparkling Seltzer Water: >1 ppt
La Croix Natural Sparkling Water: >1 ppt
Perrier Natural Sparkling Mineral Water: >1 ppt
For context, the Environmental Working Group (EWG) recommends a maximum of 1 ppt for PFAS in drinking water, while the U.S. federal voluntary guideline is 70 ppt for the two most studied PFAS compounds (PFOA and PFOS)1567.
Health Risks Associated with PFAS Chemicals
PFAS exposure is linked to a growing list of health problems:
Cancer (especially kidney and testicular)
Hormonal imbalances (thyroid disruption)
Immune system suppression
Elevated cholesterol
Developmental issues in children
Liver and kidney damage
Increased risk of autoimmune diseases
These effects are especially concerning because PFAS accumulate in the body over time, meaning even low-level, repeated exposure can lead to significant health risks12457.
Regulatory Landscape: How Much PFAS Is Too Much?
| Guideline/Organization | Recommended PFAS Limit (ppt) |
|---|---|
| U.S. EPA (voluntary, PFOA + PFOS) | 70 |
| Some U.S. States | 12–20 |
| International Bottled Water Association | 5 (single), 10 (combined) |
| Environmental Working Group (EWG) | 1 |
The lack of enforceable federal standards means there is significant variability in what is considered “safe,” and some experts argue that even 1 ppt is too high given the persistence and toxicity of these chemicals1567.
Why Are Sparkling Waters More Affected Than Still Waters?
Studies consistently show higher PFAS levels in sparkling water compared to still water67. The reasons are not fully understood, but possible explanations include:
Source Water Differences: Sparkling water brands may source from locations with higher environmental PFAS contamination.
Carbonation Chemistry: The carbonation process may alter PFAS solubility or promote their migration from equipment or packaging.
Packaging: Some cans or bottles may contain PFAS-based liners that leach into the beverage.
Can You Remove PFAS from Sparkling Water?
At-home solutions for removing PFAS from water include:
Reverse Osmosis (RO) Systems: Highly effective at removing PFAS from tap water before carbonation37.
Activated Carbon Filters: Can reduce PFAS, but effectiveness varies by product and maintenance37.
However, once PFAS are present in commercially bottled sparkling water, there is no way to remove them before consumption. The only way to ensure PFAS-free sparkling water is to filter your own tap water and carbonate it at home using a countertop soda maker17.
What Are Brands and Regulators Doing About PFAS?
Some brands have begun to test and report PFAS levels, and a few have invested in more advanced filtration systems. However, transparency and regulation remain inconsistent. The bottled water industry has called for stricter limits, but without federal mandates, there is little incentive for all brands to comply567.
Consumer Tips: How to Reduce Your PFAS Exposure
Check Brand Reports: Look for brands that publish water quality reports and test for PFAS.
Filter Your Water: Use a certified reverse osmosis system at home.
Make Your Own Sparkling Water: Filter your tap water and carbonate it yourself.
Limit Consumption: Especially for vulnerable groups like pregnant women and children, consider reducing sparkling water intake if PFAS levels are unknown or high.
Advocate for Regulation: Support legislation and organizations pushing for stricter PFAS limits in drinking water.
Frequently Asked Questions
Are all sparkling waters contaminated with PFAS?
Not all, but many popular brands have tested positive for PFAS at levels above 1 ppt1567.
Is it safe to drink sparkling water with PFAS?
There is no universally agreed “safe” level for PFAS. Even low-level, chronic exposure is a concern due to their persistence and potential health effects12457.
Can boiling or freezing remove PFAS from water?
No. PFAS are heat-stable and are not removed by boiling or freezing57.
The Future: Will PFAS Be Regulated in Sparkling Water?
Growing public awareness and scientific evidence are pressuring regulators to act. Some states have set their own limits, and the EPA is considering stricter national standards. Until enforceable regulations are in place, consumers must rely on third-party testing, filtration, and informed choices to reduce their exposure567.
Conclusion
The discovery of PFAS chemicals in sparkling water is a wake-up call for consumers, brands, and regulators alike. While sparkling water remains a popular and refreshing choice, its potential contamination with “forever chemicals” demands attention, transparency, and action. By understanding the risks, advocating for safer standards, and taking steps to filter your water at home, you can protect yourself and your family from unnecessary exposure to these persistent pollutants.
“Tests and research show that to avoid PFAS, it may be best to make your own sparkling water at home using a countertop soda maker.” — as shown in recent reports1
Stay informed, demand transparency, and make choices that prioritize your health and the environment.
